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Police registration made mandatory to Hill Country, Colombo Tamils
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Diplomat
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1 Jul 2006 12:56:43 GMT Report for Abuse
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@ Berty,
These silly D...k..s are good for the old 'ammas' and 'appas' but no good for the new generations. Just because they wear a 'national dress' doesnt mean that they can lead a country. When are our people going to realize this?
I ask myself, what the intellectuals behind these 'weddas' doing? Why cant they lead this ido..tic lot to wards reasonable solutions?
Greets |
LuLa
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1 Jul 2006 13:04:35 GMT Report for Abuse
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Saman34
What do you mean by a DNA data base???
Could you explain.
Are you talking about the difference in DNA between the Sinhalese and the Tamils???
Everybody know that from physical appearance you cannot identify a Sinhalese and a Tamil.
If you think that they can be identified by a DNA test, you will be disappointed again because the DNA studies shows that they are almost the same.
Refer the following: (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199512/ai_n8732666)
Edited By - LuLa - 1 Jul 2006 13:18:04 GMT |
LuLa
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1 Jul 2006 13:26:11 GMT Report for Abuse
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Saman34
For ignorant people like you who talk about DNA tests and databases, I'll copy and paste the entire article.
Genetic affinities of Sri Lankan populations
Human Biology, Dec 1995 by Kshatriya, Gautam Kumar
(http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199512/ai_n8732666)
The population of Sri Lanka is heterogeneous and is composed of diverse ethnic groups (Table 1). (Table omitted) It is evident that the Sinhalese are numerically dominant, accounting for 72% of the total population. Next in order of preponderance are the Tamils, who constitute approximately 20% of the total population. Among other groups that inhabit Sri Lanka are the Burghers, Christians, Moors, and Malays--the descendants of culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse groups who colonized the island from time to time (Table 2). (Table omitted) Finally, there are the Veddahs, the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka, who constitute less than 1% of the total population.
It is worthwhile to explore the history and ethnography of Sri Lankan populations, especially the Sinhalese, the Tamils, and the Veddahs, and their linkage with the contemporary populations of Sri Lanka for a better understanding of the populations' origins and parental affinities. In the next section I briefly highlight some of the Sri Lankan populations of ethnohistorical importance.3
Populations
Veddahs.
The Veddahs are believed to be the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka (Seligman and Seligman 1911) and probably have their origins in the Nagas and the Yakkhas (Deraniyagala 1963), who occupied the island before the establishment of nonnative rule.
The Veddah aboriginals of present-day Sri Lanka represent a mixture of Australoid, African, and Mediterranean affinities (De Silva 1981). They are mainly confined to the northeastern and central provinces of Sri Lanka. The Veddahs, who were primarily food gatherers and hunters, are progressively changing to a sedentary village life, practicing agriculture. With more profound communication and settlement of the Veddahs in village colonies, admixture with coastal Sinhalese and Tamils is becoming more common (Deraniyagala 1963; Wickremasinghe et al. 1963). Similarly, the Veddah language has been identified as a hybrid based on an older Veddah language with Sinhalese as the second contributory factor (De Silva 1969). However, the influence of the Sinhalese language does not bear extraordinary influence, as the Veddahs were confined to an inhospitable dry zone for a long period of time under pressure from early colonizers.
Sinhalese.
The Sinhalese are the chief constituent of the Sri Lankan population and inhabit almost the entire country.
Ancient chronicles of Sri Lanka relate the origin of the Sinhalese people to the first nonnative colonists to arrive in Sri Lanka under the leadership of Prince Vijaya.
According to Dipavamsa, or the chronicle of Ceylon (Law 1957), and Mahavamsa, or the great chronicle of Ceylon (Geiger 1964), a daughter of King Vanga (Bengal, eastern India), the Princess of Kalinga (Orissa, eastern India), whose behavior was disapproved of by her parents, joined a traveling band of merchants. She was carried away by a lion (sinh, synonymous with the Sinhalese), who begot her a son, Sihabahu ('lion arm'), and a daughter, Sihavale. After slaying his father, Sihabahu became the king of Sihapura in Lala, Gujarat, western India (Figure 1). (Figure omitted)
Sihabahu had 32 sons, the eldest of which was Vijaya. Vijaya was banished because of his misdeeds, wickedness, and dreadful acts. Vijaya, with his band of 700 companions, left Gujarat in India and sailed southward. Prince Vijaya and his companions arrived on the northwest coast of Sri Lanka in 543 B.C. near the present site of Puttalam. He founded the first town, known as Tambapani. To obtain a princess of equal status, Prince Vijaya married a daughter of the Pandu king of Madura of South India, who also brought many maidens for the ministers and retainer. This assemblage of men and women of royal status and commoners represents the first known planned settlement of people from India after the arrival of Prince Vijaya. Prince Vijaya reigned for 39 years (543-504 B.C.) in Tambapani.
Vijaya's immediate successor was his nephew, who landed at Trincomalee (northeast Sri Lanka) and subsequently became the ruler of Anuradhapur, a north-central province of Sri Lanka. It is during this period that the Dipavamsa describes the arrival of a Sakya princess from northeastern India and a large number of immigrants to the island. The princess eventually became the chief queen of Prince Vijaya's nephew.
Later, during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa, who ruled at Anuradhapur from 247 to 207 B.C., Sri Lanka adopted Buddhism as the religion of the land in 246 B.C., under the influence of King Ashoka from eastern India (De Silva 1981).
Just as the Sinhalese were exposed to the cultural heritage of northeastern India, so was their language. Sinhalese is basically an Indo-Aryan language that has been influenced by various dialects from early times. The Indo-Aryan element in the Sinhalese language is greatly due to the contacts with northeastern India. With the fall of the Gupta dynasty in the eighth century A.D. in northeast India, the Sinhalese language was influenced considerably by Dravidian, a language largely spoken by the people of South India. The Portuguese, who invaded the island in 1505, and subsequently the Dutch and the English, who occupied the island later, did not affect the structure of the Sinhalese language, but they added to the vocabulary (Hettiaratchi 1969).
Thus the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka trace their origin to the legend of Prince Vijaya (543 B.C.) and have undergone a sequence of changes, both culturally and genetically, under the influence of scores of immigrants, particularly from northeast India and South India.
Tamils.
The Tamils of Sri Lanka can be classified into two groups: Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils. Sri Lankan Tamils mainly inhabit the northern and northeastern provinces of Sri Lanka and are the longest established immigrants from South India. On the other hand, the Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are of more recent origin. They are chiefly confined to the central province of Sri Lanka and were brought by the English in the nineteenth century as estate laborers from Tamil Nadu (South India) to work on the tea plantations.
The ancient chronicles of Ceylon relate the history of Sri Lankan Tamils to the first settlement from South India immediately after the arrival of Prince Vijaya. However, the first Dravidian contact with the island goes back to King Elra of the Chola dynasty of South India, who apparently came to the island as a horse dealer (Law 1947) but subsequently seized the kingdom in 145 B.C. and reigned for 44 years before he was dethroned by the Sinhalese king Dutugemunu.
Ironically, evidence of significant Dravidian cultural influence on the Sinhalese is available only from the sixth or seventh century A.D. onward, when the Pallavas of South India began to invade Sri Lanka. During the period from the days of the Pallava dynasty in 600 A.D. to the fall of the Vijayanagar empire in South India in 1600 A.D., considerable influence of South Indian dynasties was felt on the lifestyle of Sri Lankans in terms of religion, caste system, language, folk culture, fine arts, architecture of cave temples, etc. With such a prolonged contact and profound sociocultural influence, the infiltration of genes from the population groups of South India into the Sinhalese is a historical fact.
Other Important Groups.
Numerous other groups from various parts of the world have peopled Sri Lanka through trade and invasion and have admixed differentially with the local populations (mainly the Sinhalese and the Tamils) in varying proportions ever since the arrival of Prince Vijaya (see Table 2). Some of these groups are the Moors, the Burghers, the Malays, the Christians, and the Keralites (Raghavan 1964; Kirk 1976).
Thus Sri Lankan populations and the legendary origin of the Sinhalese have generated considerable interest among anthropologists to study and examine mythological and historical records in light of genetic evidence.
Kirk (1976) and Saha (1988) studied the genetic composition of the population of Sri Lanka to determine the validity of Ceylonese mythology regarding the legendary origin of the Sinhalese people. Although Kirk (1976) found the Sinhalese to be genetically closer to Bengalis and to Indian Tamils to a lesser extent, Saha (1988) failed to recognize any genetic characteristics in the present-day Sinhalese population that are distinct from those of Sri Lankan Tamils. Later, however, Tay and Saha (1989) undertook a more detailed study on gene differentiation and genetic admixture among the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils and found that the Sinhalese have a stronger genetic contribution from the Bengalis of India than from the Sri Lankan Tamils.
These earlier studies, which focused mainly on the Sinhalese and Tamil population, have oversimplified the historical and mythological records of Sri Lanka. Therefore the degree and the magnitude of foreign admixture might have been compromised. In light of this, the genetic affinities of the Sri Lankan population have been studied after considering a detailed ethnohistorical account of Sri Lanka.
Materials and Methods
The present-day Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Veddah populations are considered admixed populations. A number of population groups from northwestern, eastern, and southern India have contributed genes in varying proportions to the contemporary Sri Lankan populations. In addition, many more populations, such as Arabs, Persians, Portuguese, Dutch, and English, enroute along seaways or from India, have also admixed with the local populations at different periods of time. The available information on genetic data of these most likely contributory gene pools is presented in Table 3. (Table omitted) The selection of the populations was made in light of the mythological and ethnohistorical background of Sri Lanka.
After careful scrutiny two data sets were selected, and a genetic distance analysis was performed: first, on the basis of 11 population groups
Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamils, Veddahs, Indian Tamils, South Indian Muslims (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala), Gujaratis, Punjabis, West Indian Muslims (Gujarat, Bombay), Bengalis, populations of the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan, and Iran), and populations of Europe (United Kingdom, Holland, Denmark) with 40 alleles controlled by 13 polymorphic loci and, second, on the basis of 8 population groups (Sinhalese, Veddahs, Indian Tamils, South Indian Muslims, Gujaratis, Punjabis, West Indian Muslims, and Bengalis) with 43 alleles controlled by 15 polymorphic loci.
Genetic distances among these populations were computed by Nei's standard genetic distances (Nei 1972) and their standard errors (SE) using Nei and Roychoudhury's (1974) method. To determine the significance of genetic distances among the different populations, I compared the gene frequency data pairwise using the chi-square statistic (Nei and Roychoudhury 1974). The distance matrix was then used to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) (Li, personal communication, 1988).
The contribution (%) of ancestral populations to the hybrid populations (Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils) was calculated using the method of Chakraborty (1985, 1986), with each population considered the product of admixture of three parental populations. The parental populations for the Sinhalese have been considered to be the Bengalis, the Indian Tamils, and the Veddahs of Sri Lanka, and the parental populations for the Tamils are considered to be the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka, the Bengalis, and the Indian Tamils.
Results and Discussion
Table 4 shows the allelic frequencies of 40 alleles in 11 populations and 43 alleles in 8 populations. (Table omitted)
Average heterozygosity and genetic differences along with their standard errors among the 11 population groups were estimated using Nei's standard genetic distance among all pairs of populations (Table 5). (Table omitted) The average heterozygosity varies between 27.4% (Bengalis) and 32.6% (Veddahs). The genetic distances show no significant differentiation, as examined pairwise by the chi-square statistics (Table 6). (Table omitted) However, the dendrogram generated from the genetic distance matrix (Figure 2) reveals an absorbing pattern of clustering. (Figure omitted) It can be seen that the Sinhalese, the Sri Lankan and Indian Tamils, and the South Indian Muslims form one cluster, whereas the Gujaratis, the Punjabis, and the west Indian Muslims form another cluster. These two clusters are distinct and do not show much affinity with the Bengalis, the Veddahs, or the populations of the Middle East and Europe. In fact, the Veddahs are far apart from all the populations.
The results of a more detailed analysis on the basis of 43 alleles in 8 population groups for average heterozygosity and the genetic distance among all the pairs of populations together with their standard errors are presented in Table 7. (Table omitted) The average heterozygosity varies between 27.9% (Sinhalese) and 32.2% (Veddahs). The genetic distances do not reveal significant differentiation, as examined pairwise by the chi-square statistic (Table 8). (Table omitted) Nevertheless, the dendrogram produced from the genetic distance matrix (Figure 3) and the clustering obtained further strengthen earlier observations. (Figure omitted) It can be seen that the Sinhalese, the Indian Tamils, and the South Indian Muslims form one cluster, whereas the Gujaratis, the Punjabis, and the west Indian Muslims form another, an almost identical clustering to the one observed in Figure 2. Here, too, the Bengalis and the Veddahs are farthest from the Sinhalese.
Both dendrograms reveal close similarities between the Sinhalese and the Sri Lankan Tamils, between the Sinhalese and the Indian Tamils, and between the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Indian Tamils.
Genetic Admixture.
Table 9 presents the estimated values of admixture for the two hybrid populations (the Sinhalese and the Tamils) based on 13 polymorphic loci, fitting a trihybrid model using the ancestral frequencies shown in Table 10. (Tables 9 and 10 omitted)
The Bengalis, the Tamils, and the Veddahs are considered parental populations for the Sinhalese. The Bengali contribution is 25.41%, the Tamil (India) contribution is 69.86%, and the Veddah contribution is only 4.73%. Thus the Sinhalese have a predominantly Tamil (India) contribution followed by the Bengalis and the Veddahs. The fusion of the Veddahs and the Sinhalese was recorded in the ancient chronicles of Sri Lanka (Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa) as early as 543 B.C., but the Veddahs were subsequently pushed to the inhospitable dry zone for a long period of time under pressure from early colonizers.
By studying the Sri Lankan Tamils, one can see that the Sinhalese, the Bengalis, and the Indian Tamils can be considered ancestral populations. The contribution of the Sinhalese to the Sri Lankan Tamils is 55.20%. Similarly, the Bengali contribution is 28.17% and that of the Indian Tamils is 16.63%. The results indicate a predominant influence of the Sinhalese (who already have a high contribution from the Indian Tamils) and the Bengalis to a lesser extent.
In conclusion, the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka were the Veddahs, who have had little admixture with the Sinhalese and possibly none with the Tamils. The Veddahs are distinct because they were confined to inhospitable dry zones and were hardly influenced by the neighboring inhabitants. Furthermore, the Sinhalese and the Sri Lankan Tamils are an admixed population genetically. The Sinhalese, who first came from northwest India under the leadership of Prince Vijaya in 543 B.C., have received and exchanged a substantial amount of their genes with the populations of northeastern and southern India. The Sinhalese and the Tamils have no contribution from the population groups of northwest India. In fact, the contribution made by Prince Vijaya and his small band of 700 companions to the original pool of the Sinhalese must have been eliminated by the long-standing contribution (over 2000 years) of the population groups of northeastern and southern India.
Furthermore, although there is a noteworthy contribution from the Bengalis (northeast India) to the present-day Sinhalese, the Tamil (South India) contribution predominates. The contribution from the populations of northeast India were diluted, probably because the Indian influence on the Sinhalese after the eighth century A.D. became predominantly South Indian (Raghavan 1964). Thus the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka are genetically more similar to the Tamils of Sri Lanka and India, who were always in close proximity with each other historically, linguistically, geographically, and culturally.
Acknowledgments I am extremely grateful to Ranajit Chakraborty (University of Texas, Houston), who inspired me to take up this problem and analyze it in a more meaningful way against the backdrop of mythological and other ethnohistorical facts of Sri Lanka.
1 GAUTAM KUMAR KSHATRIYA, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Mehrauli Road, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India.
Edited By - LuLa - 1 Jul 2006 13:38:18 GMT |
LuLa
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1 Jul 2006 13:47:12 GMT Report for Abuse
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Saman34
I got your point, you are talking about each individual and not an ethnic group.
The article I posted above is a study on the gene pool of ethnic groups.
It is difficult to identify the racial difference between a Sinhalese and a Tamil using the above tests. |
vinivida
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1 Jul 2006 13:59:09 GMT Report for Abuse
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Lula
If you think that they can be identified by a DNA test, you will be disappointed again because the DNA studies shows that they are almost the same.
I endorse your statement 100%, based on what I have read recently.
Racial traces do not exist on DNA level. |
LuLa
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1 Jul 2006 14:02:52 GMT Report for Abuse
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Saman34
After reading the article I have posted above, could you tell me how, using the computer technology/Bioscience you can identify the difference between a Sinhalese and a Tamil unless if you produce a data base of each individual and manually enter the data (racial origin)of each person. |
LuLa
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1 Jul 2006 14:16:27 GMT Report for Abuse
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Moratu Saman
Lula yes it is ture, we can not go by racial origin. unless some racist enter the data manually.
I wasn't thinking about how to dived people racially, I was thinking about High Tech stuff.
According to the above news item, that is what the GOSL is trying to do.
Don't you think that they are the biggest racists???
Edited By - LuLa - 1 Jul 2006 14:17:39 GMT |
AnuD
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1 Jul 2006 14:29:07 GMT Report for Abuse
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A computer data base with face and the finger prints would be valuable.
USA is using that already at the immigration entry points.
MOst of the suicide bombers leave the head behibd with blowing off.
By that way, we can catch al the helpers and take over their properties and bank accounts. |
AnuD
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1 Jul 2006 14:42:11 GMT Report for Abuse
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Saman34:
I don't think GOSL is racists???
We have to live first. In order to do that, if needed, we have to be racists.
It is tamils who are creating violence here. Lula can not say no to that. |
Diplomat
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1 Jul 2006 15:14:01 GMT Report for Abuse
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@ BunkerBuster
PAMADO MACHCHUNO PADAM *********
Those who are not alert and diligent are as good as dead
You hit the nail on its head!!
Greets |
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